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Positive affectivity

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Good feeling" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="Good_feeling_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Good feeling (disambiguation)">Good feeling (disambiguation)</a>.</div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Positive affect" redirects here; not to be confused with <a href="Positivity_effect" class="mw-redirect" title="Positivity effect">Positivity effect</a>.</div>

Positive affectivity (PA) is a human characteristic that describes how much people experience positive <a href="Affect_(psychology)" title="Affect (psychology)">affects</a> (sensations, emotions, sentiments); and as a consequence how they interact with others and with their surroundings.<a href="#cite_note-auto-1">[1]</a>

People with high positive affectivity are typically enthusiastic, energetic, confident, active, and alert. Research has linked positive affectivity with an increase in longevity, better sleep, and a decrease in stress hormones.<a href="#cite_note-AllostaticLoad-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Paterson-3">[3]</a> People with a high positive affectivity have healthier coping styles, more positive self-qualities, and are more goal oriented.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Paterson-3">[3]</a> Positive affectivity also promotes an open-minded attitude, sociability, and helpfulness.<a href="#cite_note-auto-1">[1]</a>

Those having low levels of positive affectivity (and high levels of negative affectivity) are characterized by sadness, lethargy, distress, and un-pleasurable engagement (see <a href="Negative_affectivity" title="Negative affectivity">negative affectivity</a>). Low levels of positive affect are correlated with social anxiety and depression, due to decreased levels of dopamine.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Psychology">Psychology</h2></div>

<a href="Happiness" title="Happiness">Happiness</a>, a feeling of well-being, and high levels of <a href="Self-esteem" title="Self-esteem">self-esteem</a> are often associated with high levels of positive affectivity, but they are each influenced by negative affectivity as well.<a href="#cite_note-EPP-6">[6]</a> Trait PA roughly corresponds to the dominant <a href="Personality_psychology" title="Personality psychology">personality factors</a> of <a href="Extraversion" class="mw-redirect" title="Extraversion">extraversion</a>;<a href="#cite_note-Watson_1-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tellegen-8">[8]</a> however, this construct is also influenced by interpersonal components.<a href="#cite_note-EPP-6">[6]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Effects">Effects</h3></div>

Overall, positive affect results in a more positive outlook, increases problem solving skills, increases social skills, increases activity and projects, and can play a role in motor function.<a href="#cite_note-auto-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a>

Positive affectivity is an integral part of <a href="Everyday_life" title="Everyday life">everyday life</a>.<a href="#cite_note-PA-10">[10]</a> PA helps individuals to process emotional information accurately and efficiently, to solve problems, to make plans, and to earn achievements. The <a href="Broaden-and-build" title="Broaden-and-build">broaden-and-build</a> theory of PA<a href="#cite_note-Fred_1-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fredrickson2001-12">[12]</a> suggests that PA broadens people's momentary thought-action repertoires and builds their enduring personal resources.

Research shows that PA relates to different classes of variables, such as social activity and the frequency of pleasant events.<a href="#cite_note-Watson_1-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-Beiser-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bradburn-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-Watson_2-15">[15]</a> PA also strongly relates to <a href="Life_satisfaction" title="Life satisfaction">life satisfaction</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Judge-16">[16]</a> The high energy and engagement, <a href="Optimism" title="Optimism">optimism</a>, and social interest characteristic of high-PA individuals suggest that they are more likely to be satisfied with their lives.<a href="#cite_note-Watson_1-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tellegen-8">[8]</a> In fact, the content similarities between these affective traits and life satisfaction have led some researchers to view both PA, NA, and life satisfaction as specific indicators of the broader construct of <a href="Subjective_well-being" title="Subjective well-being">subjective well-being</a>.<a href="#cite_note-DeNeve-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-PA-10">[10]</a>

PA may influence the relationships between variables in <a href="Organizational_psychology" class="mw-redirect" title="Organizational psychology">organizational research</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Jex-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-Williams-19">[19]</a> PA increases attentional focus and behavioral repertoire, and these enhanced personal resources can help to overcome or deal with distressing situations. These resources are physical (e.g., better health), social (e.g., <a href="Social_support" title="Social support">social support</a> <a href="Social_network" title="Social network">networks</a>), and intellectual and psychological (e.g., <a href="Psychological_resilience" title="Psychological resilience">resilience</a>, optimism, and <a href="Creativity" title="Creativity">creativity</a>).

PA provides a psychological break or respite from <a href="Stress_(psychological)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stress (psychological)">stress</a>,<a href="#cite_note-AllostaticLoad-2">[2]</a> supporting continued efforts to replenish resources depleted by stress.<a href="#cite_note-Lazarus-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-Khosla-21">[21]</a> Its buffering functions provide a useful antidote to the problems associated with negative emotions and ill health due to stress,<a href="#cite_note-Fredrickson2001-12">[12]</a> as PA reduces allostatic load.<a href="#cite_note-AllostaticLoad-2">[2]</a> Likewise, happy people are better at coping. McCrae and Costa<a href="#cite_note-McCrae-22">[22]</a> concluded that PA was associated with more mature coping efforts.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Negative_affectivity">Negative affectivity</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Negative_affectivity" title="Negative affectivity">Negative affectivity</a></div>

Positive affectivity (PA) and negative affectivity (NA) are nearly independent of each other;<a href="#cite_note-EPP-6">[6]</a> it is possible for a person to be high in both PA and NA, high in one and low in the other, or low in both. Affectivity has been found to be moderately stable over time and across situations (such as working versus relaxing).<a href="#cite_note-EPP-6">[6]</a> Positive affectivity may influence an individual's choices in general, particularly their responses to questionnaires.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Neuropsychology">Neuropsychology</h2></div>

Studies are finding there is a relationship between dopamine release and positive affect in cognitive abilities.<a href="#cite_note-auto-1">[1]</a> For instance, when dopamine levels are low, positive affect can stimulate the release of more dopamine, temporarily increasing cognitive, motor, and emotional processing. Stimulating dopamine release influences several cognitive functions. First, an increase in dopamine in the nigrostriatal system can temporarily relieve motor or cognitive dysfunction, due to Parkinson's.

An increase in dopamine release also influences the mesocorticolimbic system through the <a href="Ventral_tegmental_area" title="Ventral tegmental area">VTA</a> cells, increasing mood and open mindedness in older adults. Positive affect also stimulates dopamine production in the prefrontal cortex and the anterior cingulate facilities, which help with processing working memory and executive attention. Lastly, PA indirectly improves memory consolidation in the hippocampus, by increasing acetylcholine release from an increase in dopamine.<a href="#cite_note-auto-1">[1]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Business_management">Business management</h2></div>

Positive affectivity is a managerial and organizational behavior tool used to create positive environments in the workplace. Through the use of PA, the manager can induce a positive employee experience and culture. "Since affectivity is related to the employee experiences, we expect the employees with high PA to feel considerable organizational support. Their optimism and confidence also helps them discuss their views in a manner characterized by constructive controversy with their supervisor, so that problems are solved and their positive feelings confirmed".<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> Positive Affectivity allows creative problem solving to flourish in an environment where employees are not intimidated to approach managers, therefore employees believe they are playing a key role in the organization in coming forward with solutions. The goal is to maximize PA and minimize any negative affectivity circulating in the business. Negative emotions, such as <a href="Fear" title="Fear">fear</a>, <a href="Anger" title="Anger">anger</a>, stress, <a href="Hostility" title="Hostility">hostility</a>, <a href="Sadness" title="Sadness">sadness</a>, and <a href="Guilt_(emotion)" title="Guilt (emotion)">guilt</a>, increase the predictability of <a href="Workplace_deviance" title="Workplace deviance">workplace deviance</a>,<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> and therefore reduce the productivity of the business.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Testing">Testing</h2></div>

Because there is not a hard-and-fast rule for defining certain levels of positive affectivity, different <a href="Self-report_study" title="Self-report study">self-reported assessments</a> use different scales of measure.<a href="#cite_note-EPP-6">[6]</a> Several prominent tests are listed below; in each of these, the respondent determines the degree to which a given adjective or phrase accurately characterizes him or her.

<ul><li>Differential Emotions Scale (DES): A PA scale that assesses enjoyment (happy or joyful feelings) and interest (excitement, <a href="Alertness" title="Alertness">alertness</a>, <a href="Curiosity" title="Curiosity">curiosity</a>).<a href="#cite_note-EPP-6">[6]</a></li>

<li>Multiple Affect Adjective Checklist – Revised (MAACL-R): Measures PA according to the DES scale and to an additional scale assessing thrill-seeking behavior (i.e., how daring or adventurous the person is).<a href="#cite_note-EPP-6">[6]</a></li>

<li>Profile of Mood States (POMS): Uses vigor scale to assess the domain of PA.<a href="#cite_note-EPP-6">[6]</a></li>

<li>Expanded Form of the <a href="Positive_and_Negative_Affect_Schedule" title="Positive and Negative Affect Schedule">Positive and Negative Affect Schedule</a> (PANAS-X): This test uses three main scales: joviality (how cheerful, happy, or lively), self-assurance (how confident and strong), and attentiveness (alertness and concentration).<a href="#cite_note-EPP-6">[6]</a></li>

<li>International <a href="Positive_and_Negative_Affect_Schedule" title="Positive and Negative Affect Schedule">Positive and Negative Affect Schedule</a> Short-Form (I-PANAS-SF): This is a brief, 10-item version of the PANAS that has been developed and extensively validated for use in English with both native and non-native English speakers.<a href="#cite_note-Thompson-25">[25]</a> <a href="Internal_consistency" title="Internal consistency">Internal consistency</a> reliability for the 5-item PA scale is reported to range between .72 and .78.<a href="#cite_note-Thompson-25">[25]</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Affection" title="Affection">Affection</a></li>

<li><a href="Anhedonia" title="Anhedonia">Anhedonia</a></li>

<li><a href="Gratitude" title="Gratitude">Gratitude</a></li>

<li><a href="Happiness" title="Happiness">Happiness</a></li>

<li><a href="Contentment" title="Contentment">Satisfaction</a></li>

<li><a href="Surgency" title="Surgency">Surgency</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-Beiser-13"><a href="#cite_ref-Beiser_13-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFBeiser1974" class="citation journal cs1">Beiser, Morton (December 1974). "Components and Correlates of Mental Well-Being". <a href="Journal_of_Health_and_Social_Behavior" title="Journal of Health and Social Behavior">Journal of Health and Social Behavior</a>. 15 (4): 320–327. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2137092">10.2307/2137092</a>. <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2137092">2137092</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4455735">4455735</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-Bradburn-14"><a href="#cite_ref-Bradburn_14-0">^</a> Bradburn, N. M. (1969). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.norc.org/PDFs/publications/BradburnN_Struc_Psych_Well_Being.pdf">The structure of psychological well-being</a>". Chicago: Aldine.

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<li id="cite_note-Watson_2-15"><a href="#cite_ref-Watson_2_15-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFWatsonClarkTellegen1988" class="citation journal cs1">Watson, David; Clark, Lee Anna; Tellegen, Auke (June 1988). "Development and Validation of Brief Measures of Positive and Negative Affect: The PANAS Scales". <a href="Journal_of_Personality_and_Social_Psychology" title="Journal of Personality and Social Psychology">Journal of Personality and Social Psychology</a>. 54 (6): 1063–1070. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2F0022-3514.54.6.1063">10.1037/0022-3514.54.6.1063</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3397865">3397865</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:7679194">7679194</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-Judge-16"><a href="#cite_ref-Judge_16-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFJudgeLockeDurhamKluger1998" class="citation journal cs1">Judge, Timothy A.; Locke, Edwin A.; Durham, Cathy C.; Kluger, Avraham N. (February 1998). "Dispositional Effects on Job and Life Satisfaction: The Role of Core Evaluations". <a href="Journal_of_Applied_Psychology" title="Journal of Applied Psychology">Journal of Applied Psychology</a>. 83 (1): 17–34. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2F0021-9010.83.1.17">10.1037/0021-9010.83.1.17</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9494439">9494439</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-DeNeve-17"><a href="#cite_ref-DeNeve_17-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFDeNeveCooper1998" class="citation journal cs1">DeNeve, Kristina M.; Cooper, Harris (September 1998). "The Happy Personality: A Meta-Analysis of 137 Personality Traits and Subjective Well-Being". Psychological Bulletin. 124 (2): 197–229. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2F0033-2909.124.2.197">10.1037/0033-2909.124.2.197</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9747186">9747186</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-Jex-18"><a href="#cite_ref-Jex_18-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFJexSpector1996" class="citation journal cs1">Jex, Steve M.; Spector, Paul E. (1996). "The impact of negative affectivity on stressor-strain relations: A replication and extension". <a href="Work_%26_Stress" title="Work & Stress">Work & Stress</a>. 10 (1): 36–45. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02678379608256783">10.1080/02678379608256783</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-Williams-19"><a href="#cite_ref-Williams_19-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFWilliamsAnderson1994" class="citation journal cs1">Williams, Larry J.; Anderson, Stella E. (June 1994). "An Alternative Approach to Method Effects by Using Latent-Variable Models: Applications in Organizational Behavior Research". Journal of Applied Psychology. 79 (3): 323–331. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2F0021-9010.79.3.323">10.1037/0021-9010.79.3.323</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-Lazarus-20"><a href="#cite_ref-Lazarus_20-0">^</a> Lazarus, R. S. (1991). Emotion and Adaptation. NY: Oxford Univ. Press.

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<li id="cite_note-Khosla-21"><a href="#cite_ref-Khosla_21-0">^</a> Khosla, M. (2006 c). Finding benefit in adversity. Manuscript in press.

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<li id="cite_note-McCrae-22"><a href="#cite_ref-McCrae_22-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFMcCraeCosta1986" class="citation journal cs1">McCrae, Robert R.; Costa, Paul T. Jr. (June 1986). "Personality, coping, and coping effectiveness in an adult sample". <a href="Journal_of_Personality" title="Journal of Personality">Journal of Personality</a>. 54 (2): 385–404. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-6494.1986.tb00401.x">10.1111/j.1467-6494.1986.tb00401.x</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFHuiWongTjosvold" class="citation journal cs1">Hui, Chun; Wong, Alfred; Tjosvold, Dean. "Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology (2007), 80, 735–751". Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology: 738.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFLeeKibeomAllen2002" class="citation journal cs1">Lee; Kibeom; Allen, Natalie J (2002). "Organizational Citizenship Behavior and Workplace Deviance: The Role of Affect and Cognitions". Journal of Applied Psychology. 87 (1): 131–142. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2F0021-9010.87.1.131">10.1037/0021-9010.87.1.131</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11916207">11916207</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-Thompson-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Thompson_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thompson_25-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFThompson2007" class="citation journal cs1">Thompson, E.R. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dionysus.psych.wisc.edu/lit/Articles/ThompsonE2007a.pdf">"Development and validation of an internationally reliable short-form of the positive and negative affect schedule (PANAS)"</a> (PDF). <a href="Journal_of_Cross-Cultural_Psychology" title="Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology">Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology</a>. 38 (2): 227–242. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0022022106297301">10.1177/0022022106297301</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145498269">145498269</a>.</cite>

</li>

</ol></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFBushmanCrowley2010" class="citation journal cs1">Bushman, Bryan B.; Crowley, Susan L. (February 2010). "Is the Structure of Affect Similar for Younger and Older Children? Cross-Sectional Differences in Negative and Positive Affectivity". <a href="Journal_of_Psychoeducational_Assessment" title="Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment">Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment</a>. 28 (1): 31–39. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0734282909337584">10.1177/0734282909337584</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144121162">144121162</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFCongardDauvierAntoineGilles2011" class="citation journal cs1">Congard, A.; Dauvier, B.; Antoine, P.; Gilles, P. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hal.science/hal-01772368/file/Congard%20et%20al.%20-%202011%20-%20Postprint_Integrating%20personality%2C%20daily%20life%20events%20and%20emo.pdf">"Integrating personality, daily life events and emotion: Role of anxiety and positive affect in emotion regulation dynamics"</a> (PDF). Journal of Research in Personality. 45 (4): 372–384. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jrp.2011.04.004">10.1016/j.jrp.2011.04.004</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFGrafton2012" class="citation journal cs1">Grafton, B (2012). "The ups and downs of cognitive bias: Dissociating the attentional characteristics of positive and negative affectivity". Journal of Cognitive Psychology. 24 (1): 33–53. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F20445911.2011.578066">10.1080/20445911.2011.578066</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145185201">145185201</a>.</cite></li>

<li>Lopez, S. J. (2008). Positive psychology: Exploring the best in people. (Vol. 2). Westport, CT: Praeger Publications.</li>

<li>Lopez, S., & Snyder, C. R. (2009). Oxford handbook of positive psychology. (2nd ed.). Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press.</li>

<li>Tomkins, S. S. (1962). Affect, imagery, consciousness. (Vol. I). New York, NY: Springer Publishing Company, Inc.</li></ul>

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</style><div id="Emotions_(list)282" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Emotion" title="Emotion">Emotions</a> (<a href="Emotion_classification" title="Emotion classification">list</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Emotion" title="Emotion">Emotions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Acceptance" title="Acceptance">Acceptance</a></li>

<li><a href="Admiration" title="Admiration">Admiration</a></li>

<li><a href="Adoration" title="Adoration">Adoration</a></li>

<li><a href="Aesthetic_emotions" title="Aesthetic emotions">Aesthetic</a></li>

<li><a href="Affection" title="Affection">Affection</a></li>

<li><a href="Psychomotor_agitation" title="Psychomotor agitation">Agitation</a></li>

<li><a href="Pain" title="Pain">Agony</a></li>

<li><a href="Amusement" title="Amusement">Amusement</a></li>

<li><a href="Anger" title="Anger">Anger</a></li>

<li><a href="Angst" title="Angst">Angst</a></li>

<li><a href="Anguish" title="Anguish">Anguish</a></li>

<li><a href="Annoyance" title="Annoyance">Annoyance</a></li>

<li><a href="Anticipation" title="Anticipation">Anticipation</a></li>

<li><a href="Antipathy" title="Antipathy">Antipathy</a></li>

<li><a href="Anxiety" title="Anxiety">Anxiety</a></li>

<li><a href="Apathy" title="Apathy">Apathy</a></li>

<li><a href="Arousal" title="Arousal">Arousal</a></li>

<li><a href="Interpersonal_attraction" title="Interpersonal attraction">Attraction</a></li>

<li><a href="Belongingness" title="Belongingness">Belongingness</a></li>

<li><a href="Boredom" title="Boredom">Boredom</a></li>

<li><a href="Calmness" title="Calmness">Calmness</a></li>

<li><a href="Comfort" title="Comfort">Comfort</a></li>

<li><a href="Compassion" title="Compassion">Compassion</a></li>

<li><a href="Confidence" title="Confidence">Confidence</a></li>

<li><a href="Confusion" title="Confusion">Confusion</a></li>

<li><a href="Contempt" title="Contempt">Contempt</a></li>

<li><a href="Contentment" title="Contentment">Contentment</a></li>

<li><a href="Courage" title="Courage">Courage</a></li>

<li><a href="Cruelty" title="Cruelty">Cruelty</a></li>

<li><a href="Curiosity" title="Curiosity">Curiosity</a></li>

<li><a href="Defeatism" title="Defeatism">Defeat</a></li>

<li><a href="Depression_(mood)" title="Depression (mood)">Depression</a></li>

<li><a href="Desire" title="Desire">Desire</a></li>

<li><a href="Disappointment" title="Disappointment">Disappointment</a></li>

<li><a href="Disgust" title="Disgust">Disgust</a></li>

<li><a href="Distrust" title="Distrust">Distrust</a></li>

<li><a href="Doubt" title="Doubt">Doubt</a></li>

<li><a href="Ecstasy_(emotion)" title="Ecstasy (emotion)">Ecstasy</a></li>

<li><a href="Embarrassment" title="Embarrassment">Embarrassment</a>

<ul><li><a href="Vicarious_embarrassment" title="Vicarious embarrassment">vicarious</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Emotion_work" title="Emotion work">Emotion work</a></li>

<li><a href="Empathy" title="Empathy">Empathy</a></li>

<li><a href="Emptiness" title="Emptiness">Emptiness</a></li>

<li><a href="Attention" title="Attention">Enthrallment</a></li>

<li><a href="Enthusiasm" title="Enthusiasm">Enthusiasm</a></li>

<li><a href="Euphoria" title="Euphoria">Euphoria</a></li>

<li><a href="Stimulation" title="Stimulation">Excitement</a></li>

<li><a href="Faith" title="Faith">Faith</a></li>

<li><a href="Frustration" title="Frustration">Frustration</a></li>

<li><a href="Gratification" title="Gratification">Gratification</a></li>

<li><a href="Gratitude" title="Gratitude">Gratitude</a></li>

<li><a href="Greed" title="Greed">Greed</a></li>

<li><a href="Grief" title="Grief">Grief</a></li>

<li><a href="Guilt_(emotion)" title="Guilt (emotion)">Guilt</a></li>

<li><a href="Happiness" title="Happiness">Happiness</a>

<ul><li><a href="Joie_de_vivre" title="Joie de vivre">Joie de vivre</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Hatred" title="Hatred">Hatred</a>

<ul><li><a href="Self-hatred" title="Self-hatred">self-hatred</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Hiraeth" title="Hiraeth">Hiraeth</a></li>

<li><a href="Homesickness" title="Homesickness">Homesickness</a></li>

<li><a href="Horror_and_terror" title="Horror and terror">Horror</a></li>

<li><a href="Hostility" title="Hostility">Hostility</a></li>

<li><a href="Humiliation" title="Humiliation">Humiliation</a></li>

<li><a href="Hygge" title="Hygge">Hygge</a></li>

<li><a href="Hysteria" title="Hysteria">Hysteria</a></li>

<li><a href="Ikigai" title="Ikigai">Ikigai (sense of purpose)</a></li>

<li><a href="Hedonism" title="Hedonism">Indulgence</a></li>

<li><a href="Infatuation" title="Infatuation">Infatuation</a></li>

<li><a href="Insecurity_(emotion)" title="Insecurity (emotion)">Insecurity</a></li>

<li><a href="Insignificance" title="Insignificance">Insignificance</a></li>

<li><a href="Artistic_inspiration" title="Artistic inspiration">Inspiration</a></li>

<li><a href="Interest_(emotion)" title="Interest (emotion)">Interest</a></li>

<li><a href="Irritability" title="Irritability">Irritation</a></li>

<li><a href="Isolation_(psychology)" title="Isolation (psychology)">Isolation</a></li>

<li><a href="Jealousy" title="Jealousy">Jealousy</a></li>

<li><a href="Kindness" title="Kindness">Kindness</a></li>

<li><a href="Loneliness" title="Loneliness">Loneliness</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="Love_at_first_sight" title="Love at first sight">at first sight</a></li>

<li><a href="Limerence" title="Limerence">limerence</a></li>

<li><a href="Obsessive_love" title="Obsessive love">obsessive</a></li>

<li><a href="Parental_love" title="Parental love">parental</a></li>

<li><a href="Passionate_and_companionate_love" title="Passionate and companionate love">passionate and companionate</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Mono_no_aware" title="Mono no aware">Mono no aware</a></li>

<li><a href="Neglect" title="Neglect">Neglect</a></li>

<li><a href="Nostalgia" title="Nostalgia">Nostalgia</a></li>

<li><a href="Outrage_(emotion)" title="Outrage (emotion)">Outrage</a></li>

<li><a href="Panic" title="Panic">Panic</a></li>

<li><a href="Passion_(emotion)" title="Passion (emotion)">Passion</a></li>

<li><a href="Pleasure" title="Pleasure">Pleasure</a></li>

<li><a href="Pride" title="Pride">Pride</a>

<ul><li><a href="Grandiosity" title="Grandiosity">grandiosity</a></li>

<li><a href="Hubris" title="Hubris">hubris</a></li>

<li><a href="Insult" title="Insult">insult</a></li>

<li><a href="Vanity" title="Vanity">vanity</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Regret" title="Regret">Regret</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_rejection" title="Social rejection">Rejection</a></li>

<li><a href="Relaxation_(psychology)" title="Relaxation (psychology)">Relaxation</a></li>

<li><a href="Relief_(emotion)" title="Relief (emotion)">Relief</a></li>

<li><a href="Remorse" title="Remorse">Remorse</a></li>

<li><a href="Resentment" title="Resentment">Resentment</a></li>

<li><a href="Revenge" title="Revenge">Revenge</a></li>

<li><a href="Sadness" title="Sadness">Sadness</a>

<ul><li><a href="Melancholia" title="Melancholia">melancholy</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Saudade" title="Saudade">Saudade</a></li>

<li><a href="Schadenfreude" title="Schadenfreude">Schadenfreude</a></li>

<li><a href="Sehnsucht" title="Sehnsucht">Sehnsucht</a></li>

<li><a href="Sentimentality" title="Sentimentality">Sentimentality</a></li>

<li><a href="Shame" title="Shame">Shame</a></li>

<li><a href="Acute_stress_reaction" title="Acute stress reaction">Shock</a></li>

<li><a href="Shyness" title="Shyness">Shyness</a></li>

<li><a href="Solitude" title="Solitude">Solitude</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_connection" title="Social connection">Social connection</a></li>

<li><a href="Sorrow_(emotion)" title="Sorrow (emotion)">Sorrow</a></li>

<li><a href="Spite_(sentiment)" title="Spite (sentiment)">Spite</a></li>

<li><a href="Psychological_stress" title="Psychological stress">Stress</a>

<ul><li><a href="Chronic_stress" title="Chronic stress">chronic</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Suffering" title="Suffering">Suffering</a></li>

<li><a href="Surprise_(emotion)" title="Surprise (emotion)">Surprise</a></li>

<li><a href="Suspense" title="Suspense">Suspense</a></li>

<li><a href="Suspicion_(emotion)" title="Suspicion (emotion)">Suspicion</a></li>

<li><a href="Sympathy" title="Sympathy">Sympathy</a></li>

<li><a href="Trust_(social_science)" title="Trust (social science)">Trust</a></li>

<li><a href="Wonder_(emotion)" title="Wonder (emotion)">Wonder</a>

<ul><li><a href="Sense_of_wonder" title="Sense of wonder">sense of wonder</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Worry" title="Worry">Worry</a></li>

</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Worldview" title="Worldview">Worldviews</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Cynicism_(contemporary)" title="Cynicism (contemporary)">Cynicism</a></li>

<li><a href="Defeatism" title="Defeatism">Defeatism</a></li>

<li><a href="Fatalism" title="Fatalism">Fatalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Misanthropy" title="Misanthropy">Misanthropy</a></li>

<li><a href="Nihilism" title="Nihilism">Nihilism</a></li>

<li><a href="Optimism" title="Optimism">Optimism</a></li>

<li><a href="Pessimism" title="Pessimism">Pessimism</a></li>

<li><a href="Recluse" title="Recluse">Reclusion</a></li>

<li><a href="Weltschmerz" title="Weltschmerz">Weltschmerz</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Affect

<ul><li><a href="Affect_consciousness" title="Affect consciousness">consciousness</a></li>

<li><a href="Affect_(education)" title="Affect (education)">in education</a></li>

<li><a href="Affect_measures" title="Affect measures">measures</a></li>

<li><a href="Affect_(psychology)" title="Affect (psychology)">in psychology</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Affective

<ul><li><a href="Affective_computing" title="Affective computing">computing</a></li>

<li><a href="Affective_forecasting" title="Affective forecasting">forecasting</a></li>

<li><a href="Affective_neuroscience" title="Affective neuroscience">neuroscience</a></li>

<li><a href="Affective_science" title="Affective science">science</a></li>

<li><a href="Affective_spectrum" title="Affective spectrum">spectrum</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Affectivity

<ul>

<li><a href="Negative_affectivity" title="Negative affectivity">negative</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Appeal_to_emotion" title="Appeal to emotion">Appeal to emotion</a></li>

<li><a href="Amygdala_hijack" title="Amygdala hijack">Amygdala hijack</a></li>

<li>Emotion

<li><a href="Emotion_and_memory" title="Emotion and memory">and memory</a></li>

<li><a href="Music_and_emotion" title="Music and emotion">and music</a></li>

<li><a href="Sleep_and_emotions" title="Sleep and emotions">and sleep</a></li>

<li><a href="Emotion_classification" title="Emotion classification">classification</a>

<ul><li><a href="Emotion_classification#Circumplex_model" title="Emotion classification">circumplex</a></li>

<li><a href="EmojiGrid" title="EmojiGrid">EmojiGrid</a></li>

<li><a href="L%C3%B6vheim_Cube_of_Emotions" title="Lövheim Cube of Emotions">Lövheim</a></li>

<li><a href="Emotion_classification#Plutchik's_wheel_of_emotions" title="Emotion classification">Plutchik</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Evolution_of_emotion" title="Evolution of emotion">evolution</a></li>

<li><a href="Expressed_emotion" title="Expressed emotion">expressed</a></li>

<li><a href="Functional_accounts_of_emotion" title="Functional accounts of emotion">functional accounts</a></li>

<li><a href="Group_emotion" title="Group emotion">group</a></li>

<li><a href="Homeostatic_emotion" class="mw-redirect" title="Homeostatic emotion">homeostatic</a></li>

<li><a href="Emotion_in_animals" title="Emotion in animals">in animals</a></li>

<li><a href="Emotion_perception" title="Emotion perception">perception</a></li>

<li><a href="Emotion_recognition" title="Emotion recognition">recognition</a>

<ul><li><a href="Emotion_recognition_in_conversation" title="Emotion recognition in conversation">in conversation</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Emotional_self-regulation" title="Emotional self-regulation">regulation</a>

<ul><li><a href="Interpersonal_emotion_regulation" title="Interpersonal emotion regulation">interpersonal</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Emotional

<ul><li><a href="Emotional_aperture" title="Emotional aperture">aperture</a></li>

<li><a href="Emotional_blackmail" title="Emotional blackmail">blackmail</a></li>

<li><a href="Emotional_competence" title="Emotional competence">competence</a></li>

<li><a href="Emotional_conflict" title="Emotional conflict">conflict</a></li>

<li><a href="Emotional_contagion" title="Emotional contagion">contagion</a></li>

<li><a href="Emotional_detachment" title="Emotional detachment">detachment</a></li>

<li><a href="Emotional_dysregulation" title="Emotional dysregulation">dysregulation</a></li>

<li><a href="Emotional_eating" title="Emotional eating">eating</a></li>

<li><a href="Emotional_exhaustion" title="Emotional exhaustion">exhaustion</a></li>

<li><a href="Emotional_expression" title="Emotional expression">expression</a>

<ul><li><a href="Gender_and_emotional_expression" title="Gender and emotional expression">and gender</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Emotional_intelligence" title="Emotional intelligence">intelligence</a>

<ul><li><a href="Bullying_and_emotional_intelligence" title="Bullying and emotional intelligence">and bullying</a></li>

<li><a href="Empathy_quotient" title="Empathy quotient">Empathy quotient</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Emotional_intimacy" title="Emotional intimacy">intimacy</a></li>

<li><a href="Emotional_isolation" title="Emotional isolation">isolation</a></li>

<li><a href="Emotional_lability" title="Emotional lability">lability</a></li>

<li><a href="Emotional_labor" title="Emotional labor">labor</a></li>

<li><a href="Emotional_lateralization" title="Emotional lateralization">lateralization</a></li>

<li><a href="Emotional_literacy" title="Emotional literacy">literacy</a></li>

<li><a href="Emotional_prosody" title="Emotional prosody">prosody</a></li>

<li><a href="Emotional_reasoning" title="Emotional reasoning">reasoning</a></li>

<li><a href="Emotional_responsivity" title="Emotional responsivity">responsivity</a></li>

<li><a href="Emotional_security" class="mw-redirect" title="Emotional security">security</a></li>

<li><a href="Emotional_symbiosis" title="Emotional symbiosis">symbiosis</a></li>

<li><a href="Emotional_thought_method" title="Emotional thought method">thought method</a></li>

<li><a href="Emotional_well-being" title="Emotional well-being">well-being</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Emotionality" title="Emotionality">Emotionality</a>

<ul><li><a href="Bounded_emotionality" title="Bounded emotionality">bounded</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Emotions

<ul><li><a href="Emotions_and_culture" title="Emotions and culture">and culture</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_emotions" title="History of emotions">history</a></li>

<li><a href="Emotions_in_decision-making" title="Emotions in decision-making">in decision-making</a></li>

<li><a href="Emotions_in_the_workplace" title="Emotions in the workplace">in the workplace</a></li>

<li><a href="Emotions_in_virtual_communication" title="Emotions in virtual communication">in virtual communication</a></li>

<li><a href="Moral_emotions" title="Moral emotions">moral</a></li>

<li><a href="Self-conscious_emotions" title="Self-conscious emotions">self-conscious</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_emotions" title="Social emotions">social</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_sharing_of_emotions" title="Social sharing of emotions">social sharing</a></li>

<li><a href="Sociology_of_emotions" title="Sociology of emotions">sociology</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Feeling" title="Feeling">Feeling</a></li>

<li><a href="Group_affective_tone" title="Group affective tone">Group affective tone</a></li>

<li><a href="Interactions_between_the_emotional_and_executive_brain_systems" title="Interactions between the emotional and executive brain systems">Interactions between the emotional and executive brain systems</a></li>

<li><a href="Jealousy_in_art" title="Jealousy in art">Jealousy in art</a></li>

<li><a href="Mental_state" title="Mental state">Mental state</a></li>

<li><a href="Meta-emotion" title="Meta-emotion">Meta-emotion</a></li>

<li><a href="Pathognomy" title="Pathognomy">Pathognomy</a></li>

<li><a href="Pathos" title="Pathos">Pathos</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_emotional_development" title="Social emotional development">Social emotional development</a></li>

<li><a href="Stoic_passions" title="Stoic passions">Stoic passions</a></li>

<li>Theory

<ul><li><a href="Affect_theory" title="Affect theory">affect</a></li>

<li><a href="Affect_as_information_hypothesis" title="Affect as information hypothesis">affect as information</a></li>

<li><a href="Appraisal_theory" title="Appraisal theory">appraisal</a></li>

<li><a href="Cannon-Bard_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Cannon-Bard theory">Cannon-Bard</a></li>

<li><a href="Theory_of_constructed_emotion" title="Theory of constructed emotion">constructed emotion</a></li>

<li><a href="Discrete_emotion_theory" title="Discrete emotion theory">discrete emotion</a></li>

<li><a href="James-Lange_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="James-Lange theory">James-Lange</a></li>

<li><a href="Somatic_theory" title="Somatic theory">somatic</a></li>

<li><a href="Somatic_marker_hypothesis" title="Somatic marker hypothesis">somatic marker</a></li>

<li><a href="Two-factor_theory_of_emotion" title="Two-factor theory of emotion">two-factor</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>Italics indicate emotion names in foreign languages

Category</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-07-01" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Positive_affectivity&oldid=1298311373">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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